Alpha-GPC for sport: evaluating the evidence
Small trials of force production, cognitive tests and growth hormone, including limitations and later findings.
SMTP / IMAP
Good questions. Clearer signals.
SMTP / IMAP: an editorial collection on health, supplements, training and pharmacology, with illustrated explanations and original source references.
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Alpha-lipoic acid: doses and timing in research
Clinical study amounts, food effects and course durations, without treating research doses as a universal supplement regimen.
Anastrozole and letrozole: mechanisms and adverse effects
Reversible aromatase inhibition, pharmacokinetics, interactions and the consequences of reduced estrogen in different populations.
How androgen receptors work
From receptor domains and DNA binding to tissue responses, feedback and the limits of simple claims about receptor sensitivity.
Boldenone undecylenate: its path through the body
Oil-depot absorption, ester cleavage, metabolites and the lack of reliable human data behind frequently quoted half-lives.
Caffeine: from receptors to everyday effects
Adenosine blockade, alertness, exercise effects and the factors that change how rapidly caffeine leaves the body.
Clenbuterol: adverse effects explained
Tremor, palpitations, potassium shifts, arrhythmias and poisoning, with warning signs that require urgent medical assessment.
Clomiphene: common myths examined
What clomiphene can and cannot establish about hormonal recovery, dose response, long-term use and anti-doping status.
Ibutamoren and the liver: what is known
Older trial findings, a later liver-injury case report, metabolic concerns and the uncertainty of online product composition.
Magnesium: when extra caution is needed
Kidney function, neuromuscular conditions, cardiac conduction and medicine timing all affect the safety of magnesium products.
Metformin and berberine: mechanisms and safety
Energy signaling, intestinal actions, clearance, drug interactions and the limits of equating a medicine with a supplement.
Methasterone: a review of its adverse effects
Liver injury, cardiovascular effects, hormonal suppression and product uncertainty, separated by the available level of evidence.
How mechano-growth factor might work
A simple explanation of the proposed MGF model, the role of IGF-1 and why laboratory mechanisms do not prove product benefits.
Stanozolol, estrogen and progesterone
Aromatization, receptor activity, SHBG and indirect hormonal changes, with a critical look at common combination-use claims.
Testosterone propionate and virilization in women
Why a short ester does not prevent androgenic changes, which effects may persist and how medical treatment differs from sports use.
Monitoring after stopping anabolic steroids
Hormonal, cardiovascular, liver and fertility assessment, including why symptoms may require testing before drugs have cleared.
How ursodeoxycholic acid works
Bile composition, transport, cellular protection and cholesterol stones, with a distinction between mechanisms and clinical benefit.
Understanding WADA substance categories
The structure of the Prohibited List, route-dependent rules, specified substances and key distinctions for athletes.